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中小学科学教育“上新”,“做中学”让科学教育落地生根-濮阳信息

中小学科学教育“上新”,“做中学”让科学教育落地生根

2026-09-19 18:38 0 热门推荐 【编辑:蔡星雨】
【编辑:蔡星雨】 作者
1#

  今年秋季学期中小学科学教育“上新”

  “做中学”,让科学教育落地生根

  白白的糯米怎么就变成了甜酒?

  安徽省池州市贵池区城关小学孩子们的这份好奇,成了一场科学教育学习的起点。他们带着疑问走访非遗代表性传承人,看老人手把手拌料、制曲、培菌,蹲在田埂上仔细辨认辣蓼草,揉碎叶片,感受辛辣草香。回校后,孩子们设计对比实验方案,利用课后时间亲手复刻酿造过程。整整一周,记录温湿度,看米饭泛起绒绒白霉,闻渗出的清酿甜汁,不少孩子酿造出醇香的甜酒。

  “科学素养的培育提升,不仅在书本里,更在每一次探究实践中。”城关小学党总支书记刘柳燕认为,要深耕本土资源,打造更多真实场景课堂,让孩子们发问、动手、犯错,再来一次,让科学教育真正落地生根。

  近日,教育部印发《义务教育阶段科学教育“做中学”领航行动指南》(以下简称《指南》)。今年9月秋季开学起,全国的小学、初中都将开展科学教育“做中学”领航行动。该行动聚焦加强科学探究实践,推动科学教育育人方式变革,激发青少年好奇心、想象力、探求欲,回答好科学教育加法“加什么、怎么加”的问题。

  让学生真正动手实践

  按照《指南》的要求,在严格执行义务教育课程方案总体要求并保持课时总量不变的基础上,4-9年级统筹使用科学类课程中的跨学科主题学习课时,以及综合实践活动、地方课程及校本课程等课时,采取集中或分散的方式灵活安排,确保每个学生每学期完成不少于1个任务且不少于4课时;1-3年级完成科学课程规定的探究实践活动即可,不另作要求。

  “这不是科学课程的微调,而是针对‘科学教育等于知识传输’这一问题推动的科学教育育人方式变革。”作为一名长期在基础教育与科普场馆之间“来回跑”的物理教师和科技馆工作者,上海科技馆馆长倪闽景颇感振奋。在他看来,《指南》旗帜鲜明地把“做中学”——这个在中国新课改话语里沉浮了20年的概念,突出置于科学教育加法的重要位置,并以跨学科项目式学习、真实问题导向、校内外协同育人3条主线,将其制度化、可操作化。

  在北京师范大学党委书记程建平看来,长期以来,中小学科学教育存在重知识结论、轻探究过程;重课堂讲授、轻动手实践;重纸笔解题、轻创新创造的偏向。一旦学生习惯被动接收理论知识,缺少从真实问题出发完整开展探究实践的机会,就难以培育适配高水平科技自立自强时代需求的科学素养。以真实问题点燃青少年好奇心,以动手实践打通理论与现实,以重大主题任务厚植报国情怀,是《指南》的核心要义。

  此番《指南》落地,中国科学院院士、陕西师范大学原校长房喻认为“正当其时”。

  房喻长期从事化学科学实验研究,参与中小学科学普及与人才培养。近年来,他注意到在不少科学教育课堂上,学生按照既定步骤完成实验,记录预期现象,填写标准结论,即可顺利“过关”。“整个过程极少涉及变量关系的自主探索,甚少面对异常数据的意义拷问,更不容许方案调整与过程反复。”房喻说。

  “众所周知,科学研究的常态,是在试错中逼近真相,在异常中寻觅机会。”房喻认为,当前的科学教育把这样一个生成性、反思性的探索过程,简单化为以“对”“错”论结果的“照方抓药”。那么学生习得的只能是对确定答案的复现能力,而非面对不确定世界的问题意识和应变能力。

  在他看来,随着人工智能的加速渗透,知识获取日益便捷,标准答案可以即时生成,科学教育不能再以知识记忆和程式化操作为重心,而必须回归对问题的发现、对失败的重构、对未知的探究。《指南》则直指课堂内核:科学教育必须从“知识传授型”走向“实践建构型”,让学生真正动手做科学,而非用笔“复述”科学。

  “这不仅是教学方式的调整,更是育人逻辑的深层转换。”房喻说。

  让科学教育扎根于真实生活

  在内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯市康巴什区的红领巾治理荒漠课程上,小学低年级学生观察沙漠动植物,小学高年级学生开展沙质土壤保水的对照实验,初中生设计黄河水质监测、荒漠化治理方案。

  科学教育该如何做?康巴什区教体局局长李美荣带来的经验是:探索富有地方特色的科学教育跨学科实践路径。

  这一点在《指南》中有着明确的要求。《指南》提出,立足区域资源优势和办学特色,研究设计科学探究实践主题及相应任务,注重科技教育与人文教育协同。为便于实施操作,《指南》提供了“生命健康”“生态环境”“地球奥秘”“航空航天”“新兴产业”“人工智能”主题示例和任务示例,供地方和学校参考。

  云南省曲靖市第二小学校长李青霖发现,《指南》提供的科学探究实践任务示例中有不少扎根于真实生活。如抗击健康隐形“入侵者”与学生每天洗手的日常小事紧密相关,在动手实践过程中帮助学生理解微生物与健康的关系,树立科学卫生观念与健康守护责任意识。

  还有部分科学探究实践任务示例整合了跨学科内容,打破了学科边界,如“‘火星’种菜”涵盖生物、物理与工程设计知识,“风光互补路灯”串联能量转化与绿色产业内容。李青霖认为,这些贴合新课标跨学科学习要求,可以引导学生在解决真实问题过程中提升科学素养。

  在变革教学方式部分,《指南》要求,注重运用项目式、探究式、场景式学习等方式,加强小组协作,通过提供学习任务单、方法导引、工具资源等学习支架,引导学生运用科学思维方法,经历动手实践过程,实现学、思、做的有机结合。

  “科学教育不是高科技教育,更不是解题教育。”在倪闽景看来,科学教育是培养学生基于各种现象进行研究的能力。《指南》可贵之处在于,它没有把“做中学”窄化为“多开几节实验课”或“把演示实验改成分组实验”,而是要让学生从真实生活问题中提出驱动性问题,经历“提出问题-作出假设-设计方案-搜集证据-得出结论-制作改进-交流反思”的完整闭环,引导学生“像科学家一样思考,像工程师一样实践”。

  倪闽景还注意到,文件凸显了“科技教育与人文教育协同”的理念,比如“人工智能”主题要求学生不仅会用AI工具,更要理解算法伦理与安全挑战;“航空航天”主题强调“空天报国、空天强国”情怀;“地球奥秘”主题渗透国家资源安全意识。“科学教育从来不只是育才,更是育人。”他说。

  不新增纸笔考试

  今年秋季开学,中小学的课表上将会相应调整科学类课程的安排。考核方式是:不新增纸笔考试,而将探究过程表现纳入综合素质评价档案。

  《指南》明确,在关键环节设置观测点,综合运用课堂观察、实践操作、口头汇报、作品展示等方式,收集学生在过程中的表现性证据,发挥评价的导向、诊断和改进功能。鼓励有条件的学校利用信息技术赋能评价。用好评价结果,将科学探究实践表现性评价以纪实性方式记录,纳入学生综合素质评价档案,不另作考试要求。

  “科学教育一旦被简单考试化,就容易滑向题型训练;一旦被简单竞赛化,就可能偏离面向全体的公共教育属性。”程建平认为,《指南》强调的评价导向设计具有很强的纠偏意义。过程性评价、表现性证据和综合素质评价档案的结合,有助于引导学校更加关注学生真实成长和全面发展。

  “即使实验最终结果不理想,只要学生能合理解释偏差成因并提出改进思路,即应给予积极认定。”房喻的思考是,这种“重思维、轻结果”的评价取向,是对科学容错本质的尊重,也是对人工智能时代“结论易得、思维难求”的深刻回应。

  作为基础教育一线的教育工作者,李青霖认为,文件指导学校和教师将评价的目光从纸笔测试中的知识再现,转向问题解决过程中的素养表现,明确了“评什么”;将科学探究实践表现性评价以纪实性方式记录,纳入学生综合素质评价档案,且不另作考试要求,在避免增加学校和学生负担的基础上,明确了评价结果“如何用”。

  在“谁来评”的流程设计上,《指南》也给出指导性思路:充分发挥教师、学生等参与评价的积极性,注重学生自评与同伴互评相结合。鼓励有条件的学校邀请科学家、工程师等专业技术人员对学生的科学探究实践过程和结果进行指导评价。

  不增量、不另起炉灶、不纸笔测试、不走过场考试,在倪闽景看来,这“四不”恰恰是在给基层学校松绑。

  “文件很好,只有在课堂里真正开花才有意义。”通过一线调研,倪闽景建议,好的科学课应该“疑始疑终”,让学生带着问题来、带着更多问题走;建立允许试错、鼓励迭代的课堂文化;不让“做中学”困在教室里,把科技馆、高校实验室、自然保护地请进来或带学生走出去;提升教师跨学科教学自信。

  “让孩子自己提一个问题,拆解一个模型,重新焊一根导线,为一组数据争得面红耳赤。”倪闽景认为,创新不怕愚蠢,就怕相同。多样化的思维、包容错误的文化、手脑并用的机会、与真实世界的连接,这些才是科学教育加法的真正内核。

  (中青报·中青网记者 杨洁 来源:中国青年报)

【编辑:蔡星雨】

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